Four Arts of Photography explores the history of photography through the lens of philosophy and proposes a new scholarly understanding of the art form for the 21st century. Re-examines the history of art photography through four major photographic movements and with case studies of representative images. Employs a top-down, theory to case approach, as well as a bottom-up, case to theory approach. Advances a new theory regarding the nature of photography that is grounded in technology but doesn’t place it in opposition to painting. Includes commentaries by two leading philosophers of photography, Diarmuid Costello and Cynthia A. Freeland